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来源：彩云网客户端2022-08-31 17:48

多元支付不是要取代现金******

　　姚进

　　近日，一则“大额纸币会逐渐退出市场流通”的传言引起涟漪，甚至有观点认为此举是为了推广数字人民币。显而易见，这是一种误读。人民币现金是国家法定货币，数字人民币研发不是为了取代现金，而是为了助力数字经济发展，提升普惠金融发展水平，更好满足人民群众生产生活需要。在可预见的将来，现金仍将长期存在。

　　由于纸币在流通过程中会逐渐老化，变脏变旧，这种“脏污”类型的纸币，属于不宜流通人民币。为进一步提升流通中人民币质量，2022年8月，中国人民银行发布了新版《不宜流通人民币纸币》(JR/T0153-2022)金融行业标准，对脏污指标评价标准进行了提升。目前对一些纸币的回收，是为了进一步提升流通中人民币整洁度，确保公众用上“放心钱”“干净钱”。

　　近年来，随着第三方支付手段的普及，购物、用餐、加油、买票等诸多场景的现金支付已逐渐被手机扫码取代。移动支付的飞速发展改变了传统的支付方式，也改变了大家的支付习惯。有人说，现在出门不带现金不要紧，忘带手机则“寸步难行”；有商家说，使用现金成本较高，需要花时间去清点和保管，而且有安全上的顾虑；甚至有观点认为，既然移动支付是大势所趋，那么整顿拒收现金就是多此一举。

　　这些观点看似有一定道理，实则不然。人民币是我国的法定货币，人民币现金是我国境内最基础的支付手段。现实中，部分商家或公共服务机构拒收现金的行为，不仅剥夺了消费者的支付选择权，也损害了人民币的法定货币尊严，更不利于形成公平竞争的市场环境。

　　现金在保障公众支付权利公平、在重大自然灾害等极端情况下稳定公众支付需求等方面具备不可替代的优势。尤其对老年人来说，拒收现金给老年人的生活带来诸多不便。早在2018年，监管部门就曾明确鼓励多元化支付方式发展，整治拒收现金行为。2020年12月，央行就规范人民币现金收付行为有关事项发布专项公告，重申任何单位和个人不得拒收现金，不得排斥和歧视现金支付。可见，不论是什么原因，都不能成为拒收现金的理由。

　　目前，我国已形成现金、银行卡、互联网支付、移动支付并存的多样化支付工具体系，同时数字人民币研发和试点工作正在稳妥推进中。不同的支付工具各有优势，能较好地满足不同市场主体的支付需求。鼓励多元化支付不等于对现金说“不”，而是应该将选择支付方式的权利交给消费者。既要肯定多元化支付的意义，加强对各类支付结算方式的推广，也要充分尊重公众支付结算习惯，包括使用现金支付的习惯。

　　需要强调的是，数字人民币作为百姓日常消费支付手段的补充，不是为了取代现金，二者将长期共存。对于一些人担心的数字人民币会侵犯个人隐私问题，应该看到，数字人民币作为央行发行的法定数字货币，会充分尊重隐私与个人信息保护，并在此基础上做好风险防范。在实物现钞依然发行的前提下，公众仍然可获得实物现钞所提供的完全匿名性，不会因数字人民币的发行而受影响。

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中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

　　中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。

　　2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

　　日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

　　日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

　　事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。

　　因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。

　　日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

　　《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

　　德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

　　日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

　　国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。

　　太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。

　　Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

　　By John Lee

　　(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

　　Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

　　The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

　　On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

　　The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

　　In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

　　Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

　　The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

　　The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

　　The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

　　According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

　　As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

　　However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

　　Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

　　The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

　　If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.